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Each assay was normalized before comparison by calculation of integrity indices relative to unirradiated controls. The GlobalFiler PCR Amplification Kit was used to evaluate short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping efficacy and nuDNA degradation a comparison was made to mtDNA degradation measured using real-time PCR assays. Liquid (hydrated) and dried (dehydrated) whole blood samples were exposed to high doses of γ-radiation (1–50 kilogray, kGy). This study presents a novel approach for the assessment of nuDNA versus mtDNA damage from a comparison of genotype and quantity data, while exploring likely mechanisms for differential damage after high doses of γ-irradiation. Oxidative effects within the mitochondria of living cells elicits greater damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) than nuclear DNA (nuDNA) at low doses. The chapter will help the readers to understand the basic and applied knowledge of radiation mediated DNA damage and its repair in the context of extensively studied NHEJ pathways and unexplored alternative NHEJ pathways.įorensic genotyping can be impeded by γ-irradiation of biological evidence in the event of radiological crime that is, criminal activity involving radioactive material. The chapter will very briefly cover the radiation, DNA repair, and Alternative repair pathways in the mammalian system. These pathways are not studied extensively, and many reports are showing the relevance of these pathways in human diseases. These pathways are alternative NHEJ pathways and single-strand annealing pathways that also displayed a role in DNA repair. There are alternatives to NHEJ pathways that can repair DNA damage. Even after a well-coordinated mechanism, there is a strong possibility of mutation due to the flexible nature in joining the DNA strands. One of the predominant pathways that operate DNA repair is a non-homologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) that has various integrated molecules that sense, detect, mediate, and repair the double-strand breaks. Mammalian cells are equipped with strong DNA repair pathways that cover all types of DNA damage. The double-strand breaks are lethal damage due to the breakage of both strands of DNA. Published literature indicates that radiation mediated cell death is primarily due to DNA damage that could be a single-strand break, double-strand breaks, base modification, DNA protein cross-links. There is various possibility of radiation exposure that might be natural, man-made, intentional, or non-intentional. Radiation is one of the causative agents for the induction of DNA damage in biological systems.

However, the characteristics of the plots pose potential challenges for effective counter-measures and intervention, should the number of actors or the technical sophistication of plots increase in the future. Overall, far-right actors attempting to weaponize CBRN agents have been few and generally technically inept. neo-Nazism, non-religious white supremacism) and indiscriminately targeting victims. Far-right CBRN terrorism appears to be predominantly a lone-actor phenomenon oftentimes involving middle-aged and comparatively well-educated male perpetrators, mostly motivated by non-religious forms of far-right ideology (i.e. The authors were able to identify 31 incidents in Western countries since 1970, which display features contrary to generally assumed forms of CBRN terrorism. This study systematically collected public information about far-right CBRN incidents to identify their main characteristics. Nevertheless, a number of incidents involving far-right activists and CBRN agents in Western countries are known to the public, even though these have had comparatively little impact on public threat perception. Only limited attention has been given to the CBRN threat of violent domestic extremists in general or far-right terrorists specifically. globally operating Salafi-jihadist groups like al-Qaeda or ISIL.

The threat of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) terrorism is widely attributed to collective actors based on a religious ideology, e.g.